From Germ Cell Histogenesis to Precision Risk Stratification: Prognostic and Predictive Molecular Markers in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors—A Systematic Review

Background/Objectives: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent the most common solid malignancies in young adult men, with cure rates exceeding 95% under modern cisplatin-based therapy, yet a clinically relevant subset of patients still experiences treatment failure or long-term toxicity. This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed evidence, from database inception through 6 July 2026, on prognostic and predictive molecular markers in developmental and endocrine-sensitive testicular carcinogenesis.