Association Between Fresh Gas Flow Rate and Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective Observational Study

Background/Objectives: Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery may alter intracranial dynamics, while the influence of fresh gas flow on these changes remains incompletely understood. This prospective observational study investigated the association between fresh gas flow rate and perioperative optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) trajectories during desflurane anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.