A Multicomponent Simulation-Based Program Incorporating Ultrasound for Lumbar Puncture Training in Medical Students: A Randomized Controlled Educational Trial

Background

Lumbar puncture (LP) education requires integration of anatomical knowledge, procedural skills, and safety-related decision-making. Simulation incorporating preprocedural ultrasound localization provides a structured approach to LP training; however, randomized evidence among undergraduate medical students remains limited.