Quantitative Whole-Leg Radiographic Assessment of Coronal Knee–Ankle Alignment: Associations with Talar Inclination and Exploratory Changes After Knee Osteotomy

Background/Objectives: Standing whole-leg radiographs are central to coronal deformity assessment, but mechanical axis deviation (MAD) may not fully characterize the orientation of individual joint surfaces. We evaluated ankle joint orientation across coronal alignment phenotypes and, secondarily, explored descriptive changes after knee realignment osteotomy.

Methods