Development and Initial Validation of High-Fidelity 3D Hybrid Simulators for Training in Complex Pediatric Oncologic Surgery

Background

This study reports the development and initial face and content validation of high-fidelity 3D hybrid simulators for training in complex pediatric oncologic surgery. Pediatric solid tumor surgery is technically demanding; case volumes are low, and procedural errors carry lifelong oncologic or functional consequences. High-fidelity simulation offers a route to structured training without patient risk.