Endoscopic Anatomical Study of the Skull Base with Poor Pneumatization: A Quantitative Analysis Based on Cadaveric Specimens

Background

The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has been widely applied in the surgical treatment of skull base tumors. However, poor pneumatization of the skull base—such as inadequate sphenoid sinus pneumatization and dense clival bone—can severely obscure key anatomical landmarks, significantly increasing surgical risks. Systematic quantitative studies on endoscopic anatomical landmarks under conditions of poor pneumatization remain limited to date.