Discontinuous Intrarenal Venous Flow Pattern With Low Cardiac Index as a Predictor of Poor Prognosis in Patients With Heart Failure

Background: Intrarenal venous flow (IRVF) patterns assessed by Doppler ultrasonography enable non-invasive assessment of renal venous congestion in patients with heart failure (HF). IRVF patterns have also attracted attention as markers of cardiorenal interactions, but their prognostic significance relative to invasive hemodynamics remains unclear.