Use of Intranasal Analgesia for Acute Pain in Pediatric Emergency Departments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Pain is one of the most common reasons for presentation to pediatric emergency departments, yet timely and effective analgesia remains inconsistently delivered. Intranasal (IN) analgesics offer a noninvasive alternative to injectable routes, but their comparative effectiveness, safety, and acceptability across agents and routes remain incompletely defined.