Complement-amplified thrombotic microangiopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a systematic review of 78 reported patients

Background

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) complicating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN) spans immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, anti-phospholipid-associated microangiopathy, secondary endothelial injury, and complement-amplified/atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS)-like phenotypes. The boundaries remain uncertain, and treatment evidence is dominated by selectively published cases.