Immersive 3D vs Physical Simulation in Training Novices for Laser-Based Endourological Procedures: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Simulation-based learning constitutes a valuable component of medical training, with immersive 3D simulations and physical simulations being commonly used. Immersive 3D simulation training has been proven to enhance procedural skills and their transfer, whereas physical simulators allow for haptic feedback. However, direct comparative evidence between these 2 simulation modalities is scarce and often does not address cognitive, motivational, and perceived learning outcomes, which also have an effect on actual learning outcomes.