Renoprotective effects and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in diabetic chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health burden characterized by progressive loss of renal function and high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, initially developed as glucose-lowering agents, have demonstrated pleiotropic metabolic and cardiorenal benefits. However, previous evidence syntheses have not fully clarified the magnitude of metabolic, hemodynamic, renal surrogate, and safety effects specifically in patients with diabetic CKD.