Comparison of three gestational weight gain guidelines for adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women with gestational diabetes: A cohort study

Background

This study aimed to assess the associations between post-diagnostic gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to systematically compare the predictive performance of three mainstream GWG guidelines (IOM-2009, CNS-2021, NHCC-2023), so as to provide real-world evidence for precise GWG management in clinical GDM care.