Effectiveness and Safety of Virtual Reality Interventions for Symptom Management in Adults Undergoing Hemodialysis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Adults receiving long-term hemodialysis often experience a multidimensional symptom burden that affects their functional status and daily activities. Effective symptom management may help reduce this burden, preserve functional status, and improve the overall treatment experience. However, evidence remains limited for nonpharmacological interventions that are safe, acceptable, and easy to integrate into routine hemodialysis care. Virtual reality (VR) may be a promising approach for symptom relief and supportive management, but its overall effectiveness and safety in adults receiving hemodialysis remain unclear.