Intravenous Leiomyomatosis—A Single Centre Experience and Literature Review

Background/Objectives: Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare, histologically benign proliferation of uterine smooth-muscle cells that extend intravascularly. The clinical significance of IVL lies in the potential for mechanical obstruction of the major veins and heart, as well as possible thromboembolic complications.

Methods

A retrospective case series included four patients with confirmed IVL, treated at the Clinic for Gynaecology and Obstetrics “Narodni front” between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2025. The following were recorded: medical history, imaging diagnostics (ultrasound, MRI), operative findings, histopathology, and follow-up data. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee, and written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all the patients.