Patent Foramen Ovale Closure Alleviates Long-Term Drug-Refractory Epilepsy: A Case Report

Background

Drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE) poses a persistent clinical burden, and the identification of reversible extracranial contributing factors represents a promising strategy to improve seizure control. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) with right-to-left shunt (RLS) has been recognized as a potential modifiable driver of epileptic seizures, yet clinical data on patients with extremely long-standing DRE exceeding 40 years remain exceedingly scarce.